Introduction to Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Fullerenes

Why do we want to simulate fullerenes?

Fullerenes are a group of molecules made with only carbon atoms. These molecules exhibit very special properties. The reason why scientists are interested in understanding the behavior of fullerenes is because they have extra ordinary properties in superconductivity, electricity and elasticity. They could have numerous applications to improve many of our existing products and develop new products. There are lots of unexplained answers regarding the behavior of fullerenes. It is believed that making simulations of these molecules is the most safe and efficient approach.

Procedure for simulating a bucky ball

Brainstorming:  
What would you need to make a simulation of a bucky ball?
-The coordinates of each atom in space
-The program that will create the graphics
What do need to change the physical properties of the bucky ball like the temperature, 	
velocity,   pressure of the system, etc.?
-Appropriate potential energy approximation
-MD++ code

Note: all the files needed for this activity are in a folder called etp07nanostructurefiles.

Step 1

Obtain the coordinates of the bucky ball.  They are located in a file called buckyball.xyz .  	Make
sure that you keep this file in that format.  Place the buckyball.xyz file in the runs directory.
It is assumed that you have installed MD++ properly.   From the desktop, go to the menu bar and click 
on places and open the home folder.  Open the Codes folder.  Then open the MD++ folder.  Open the 
runs folder.  Make a new folder and name it buckyball.  Copy the buckyball.xyz file into the runs folder.

Step 2

Obtain the octave execution file of the bucky ball.  They are located in a file called readbuckyball.oct.
Make sure that you keep this file in that format.  Place the octave file in the runs directory.   Again 
from the desktop, go to the menu bar and click on places and open 	the home folder.  Open the Codes
folder.  Open the MD++ folder.  Open the runs folder.  Copy the readbuckyball.oct file into the runs folder.

Step 3

From the runs directory, run the octave file by typing:
./readbuckyball.oct
This will create a cn file called buckyball.cn.  Go back to the MD++ directory.

Step 4

Now copy the script file called buckyball.script.  Go to the scripts directory.  Make a directory and call 
it myscripts. Now copy the the file buckyball.script into the myscripts folder. 

Step 5

Now open the terminal emulator ( the icon that has the $ sign).  Go to the MD++ directory by typing:
cd Codes/MD++/
To run the simulation of the bucky ball type:
bin/md_gpp scripts/myscripts/buckyball.script
A new graphics window will pop-up with the simulation of a bucky ball in 3D!!!

Note: All simulations are run from MD++ directory.

Note: md_gpp is just a visualization tool. It is not a potential.

Exercises

Now, here are a few exercises to learn the process.
1.Repeat the same process to simulate a nanotube.
2.Repeat the same process to simulate a graphene sheet.
Analysis Questions
1.Compare the coordinate files for the three molecules.  Describe the differences and write them down 
for discussion.
2.Compare the octave files for the three molecules.  Explain the differences and write them down 
for discussion.
3.Compare the script files for the three molecules.  Explain the differences and write them down 
for discussion.

Additional Problem
1. After comparing the above files and given the coordinates file for a nanocapsule, make a simulation of 
an nanocapsule.  (Hint:  Copy and Paste files and make the appropriate changes)

Challenge Exercises
1.Make a temperature dependent bucky ball.  Go to the open the script file for the bucky ball and 
activate the commands needed to simulate the bucky ball under a desired temperature.  For this  
temperature dependent simulation a potential call Tersoff potential will be needed. Do the following 
step before running the simulation.

Further Step
Open the terminal emulator.  Go to the MD++ directory by typing:
cd Codes/MD++
now type:
make tersoff build=R TCL=no
This will compile the Tersoff potential in the bin directory.  Now that the script file for the 
bucky ball has been modified, type:

bin/tersoff_gpp scripts/myscripts/buckyball.script
This will pop-up a new graphics window with a temperature-dependent bucky ball simulation.  The 
other simulations can also be made temperature dependent by copying and pasting the 	sections.

Acknowledgments

Professor Dr. Wei Cai for hosting me as fellow
Keonwook Kang, Graduate Stduent in prof. Wei Cai group
Haneesh
Mechanical Engineering and Computation Department, Durand Hall, Stanford University

References

1.MD++
source:  http://micro.stanford.edu/~caiwei/Forum/2004-12-12-MD++/
2.Fullerenes
source:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene
3.Fullerene Science Module
source:  http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~edudev/Fullerene/fullerene.html
4.What are fullerenes?
source:  http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/~ppzjld/what.htm
5.Carbon Cages:  LBL Scientists Study Fullerenes
source:  http://lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/fullerenes.html